He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. His childhood was remarkable because of his enlightened, humanist education. Residents were allowed to transfer to larger houses that remained open or to renounce (refuse to follow) their vows. One by one the Spanish ships broke their cables and headed for open water. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. The Armada would then sail on to England and stage a massive sea assault. The following night the Spanish fleet commander, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, duke of Medina-Sidonia, made a serious mistake. In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form an integral part of the wider politics of Europe.Both countries are among the founders and the main leading Member states of the European Union and its predecessor the European Communities since its inception in 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome.. General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to . The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. Her Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century.The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. Then in 1513 Swiss troops inflicted a humiliating defeat on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italy. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. Pope Clement VII joined Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England in the League of Co gnac, an alliance against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. Rise of Germany . Charles returned to Spain from Germany in 1522. Page officielle des fans de Rise of Kingdoms. Q: What color gemstones are engraved upon Crown El CId? In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II (14521516) and Isabella I (14511504) permission to conduct the Spanish Inquisition, which was separate from the medieval Inquisition. He made peace with Spain, then attempted to arrange a marriage between his second son Charles (King Charles I; 16001649; ruled 162549) and the daughter of the Spanish king, Philip III. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. Increasingly, a nation's power and prestige had become dependent upon money and material wealth, and the best way to become a world power was to build a trade empire. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. Francia. The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. democratic rule. Throughout the Middle Ages, the King of Germany was known as "King of the Romans" from his election as king . A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. The ones to avoid are the Arabia, Ottoman and Byzantine civilizations. limit their power. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. About one hundred thousand fled to Portugal, but they were soon driven out because Portugal had entered into an alliance with Spain. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. Before leaving Spain in 1520, he appointed Adrian Florensz as regent of Spain. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. Edward was returned to the throne. In 2022, the game reached its peak. The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? Unification was also assured since their heirs were to inherit both Aragon and Castile as a single kingdom. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). In 1494, during the reign of Charles VIII, France embarked on the first phase of the Italian Wars (14941559), a series of conflicts between France and Spain that took place in Italy (see also "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). to France. A: Greek . troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. The Spanish won two battles at Genoa and were victorious at nearby Savona and at Aversa in the south. Rise of Kingdoms is a staggeringly huge mobile game. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. Some European explorers were inspired by the myth of Prester John, a Christian king rumored to be living somewhere in eastern Asia. In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. He records that in the year 1228, "a certain Archbishop of Armenia the Greater came on a pilgrimage to England to see the relics of the saints, and visit the sacred places in the kingdom, as he had done in others; he also produced letters of recommendation from his Holiness the Pope, to the religious and the prelates of the churches, in which . The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Catherine of Aragon died a natural death in the same year. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. Complete disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, in February 1525. They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. In 1150 a new group of Berber conquerors, the Almohades, came to They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. Thus the two largest Christian kingdoms in Spain were united. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. and the southwestern United States. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe. The group Young Italy advocated for. Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq 1917-1932 M. R. Izady. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). While Charles clearly eclipsed his two great rivals, his struggles with Francis over Italy dominated European politics for most of the sixteenth century. Cromwell was eager to form an alliance against Charles V by joining England with one of the Protestant states in Germany. Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). Great things take some time to shine. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. He had neither won nor regained any territory. 1861. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. The growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was probably the most influential factor in the drive for exploration. Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. The next king, Louis XI (14231483; ruled 146183), set France on a course that eventually destroyed the Henry succeeded in restoring prosperity The Muslims lived across the Strait of Gibraltar from Portugal, at the port city of Ceuta. Add Me. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. scholars. Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. Protestantism now reached its highest point in English history. Both Katherine The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. How would Germany most likely have been different between 1848 and 1871 if Prussia had not belonged to the . Denied land routes to some of their most treasured goods, the Europeans had to find a route to Asia in the uncharted oceans. In 1514 England made peace with the Scots, who had invaded England and been defeated at Flodden the previous year. Which European wrote the first travelogue detailing China's history, culture, and art? Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. lasted one hundred years. . The map shows Italy in the early 19th century. The other countries of Europe did not accept that all of the non-European world should be divided between Spain and Portugal. In the years after that, they were even better. Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. The dispute over whether France or Spain had the right to rule Naples and Sicily had been going on since the thirteenth century. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. Pope Alexander VI (14311503; reigned 14921503) took the side of the Medicis and convinced King Ferdinand of Aragon to send in Spanish troops to fend off the Sforzas, the French, and the Swiss. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella became leaders in the European The country occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, next to Spain. All ROK Peerless Scholar answers are provided below so that you can pass the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. Most chose to renounce their vows. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). Marquette's accidental voyage convinced the French that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, a suspicion that was confirmed in 1682, when Ren-Robert Cavelier de La Salle (16431687) traveled down the Mississippi to its mouth, where he founded the city of New Orleans. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. A decent room costing $14-$19 split two ways (or three-ways, wink-wink) will usually net you something better than a dorm room for roughly the same price. When Louis died in 1515, Francis became king. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. coast of North America. She was burned at the stake in 1431. The French and Spanish monarchs In fact, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. They used the Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). Royal Family of Luxembourg (Now Italian House of Bourbon-Parma but historically Germanic House of Nassau) Royal Family of Holland. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. Ferdinand feared that the Habsburgs would influence Charles to place their own interests above the needs of Spain. One of the major differences involved a new interpretation of communion, a Christian religious ceremony in which bread and wine are changed, respectively, into the body and blood of Jesus of Nazareth, also called Christ. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. Diverse people lived within the territories. Edward ruled England for twelve more years, until his unexpected death in 1483. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). In 1567 Philip introduced the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands and sent Fernando lvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba (c. 15071582), to crush the revolt. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. Ferdinand and Isabella first waged war against the Moorish kingdom of Granada, on the southern end of the peninsula. 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