), Christianity and Family Law: An Introduction (Law and Christianity, pp. After more than half a century of barbarian rule, the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) armies restored control over territories that once belonged to the Western Roman Empire: Northern Africa, Italy, and Spain. After Justinian's reconquest and extensive rebuilding programs, the empire's treasury was left empty. [88] Other peoples also accepted Christianity: the Heruli,[89] the Huns dwelling near the Don,[90] the Abasgi,[91] and the Tzanni in Caucasia. Belisarius went on to capture Carthage, and the Byzantines were victorious.[10]. 476 Ostrogoths depose the last Roman emperor in the West. He is often depicted wearing a long robe and a long tunic, with a belt and a scarf draped over his shoulders. Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, Andrs Mcsy. Other talented individuals included Tribonian, his legal adviser; Peter the Patrician, the diplomat and long-time head of the palace bureaucracy; Justinian's finance ministers John the Cappadocian and Peter Barsymes, who managed to collect taxes more efficiently than any before, thereby funding Justinian's wars; and finally, his prodigiously talented generals, Belisarius and Narses. It was followed by the Digesta (or Pandectae), a compilation of older legal texts, in 533, and by the Institutiones, a textbook explaining the principles of law. [6] After delicate negotiations, the Acacian schism ended in late March, 519. [59], Throughout Justinian's reign, the cities and villages of the East thrived, although Antioch was struck by two earthquakes (526, 528) and sacked and evacuated by the Persians (540). Justinian is best remembered for his work as a legislator and codifier. [45], Justinian's habit of choosing efficient but unpopular advisers nearly cost him his throne early in his reign. [102] At Constantinople, on one occasion, not a few Manicheans, after strict inquisition, were executed in the emperor's very presence: some by burning, others by drowning. Imprisoned, the deposed king appealed to Justinian. The reign of Justinian was a prodigiously paramount period. The war continued for several years until a second truce in 557, followed by a Fifty Years' Peace in 562. In 525, perhaps at the insistence of Justinian, Justin repealed a law which effectively forbade court officials from marrying people of low class. [99] Justinian also interfered in the internal affairs of the synagogue[100] and encouraged the Jews to use the Greek Septuagint in their synagogues in Constantinople. He also sponsored the codification of laws known as the Codex Justinianus (Code of Justinian) and directed the construction of several important cathedrals, including the Hagia Sophia. Like Justinian I, Justinian II was an ambitious and passionate ruler who was keen to restore the Roman Empire to its former glories, but he responded brutally to any opposition to his will and . Meanwhile, Totila took over the administration of the country, though at the expense of alienating the great landowners. The religious position of the Monophysites (whom Justinian's wife, Empress Theodora, supported) conflicted with the accepted Christian doctrine from the Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451). Thereafter, the campaign became a war of sieges, which came to an end after Belisarius pretended to accept an offer to become Western Roman Emperor. As in Africa, dynastic struggles in Ostrogothic Italy provided an opportunity for intervention. The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire (Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Ancient World) Annotated Edition by James Allan Evans (Author) 5 ratings Part of: Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Ancient World (7 books) See all formats and editions Hardcover $20.89 - $57.29 5 Used from $20.89 6 New from $52.00 In the Byzantine Empire, the Emperor is the supreme ruler, looked at as a god. Several candidates were nominated but were rejected for various reasons. He. Totila was defeated by superior numbers and strategy and was mortally wounded at the battle of Busta Gallorum. [113] In order to bypass the Persian landroute, Justinian established friendly relations with the Abyssinians, whom he wanted to act as trade mediators by transporting Indian silk to the Empire; the Abyssinians, however, were unable to compete with the Persian merchants in India. The total of Justinian's legislation is known today as the Corpus juris civilis. After putting down a mutiny in recently conquered North Africa, Belisarius landed in mainland Italy, finding the same token resistance. He was a Christian leader who brought two cultures together, which allowed for the exchange of building techniques and architectural elements. [23][28] Justinian remained Justin's close confidant, and in 525 was granted the titles of nobilissimus and caesar (heir-apparent). The veteran Belisarius saved the situation by mustering the civilian population. [7] However, Theodoric died in 526, ending the persecution. Moorhead (1994), pp. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Belisarius, now reappointed commander in chief in the East, launched counteroffensives in 541 and 542 before his recall to Italy. Rigorous financial exactions and the rapacity of the soldiers made the new regime unpopular. He was legally adopted by Justin and held important offices. [12] A native speaker of Latin (possibly the last Roman emperor to be one),[13] he came from a peasant family believed to have been of Illyro-Roman[14][15][16] or Thraco-Roman[17][18][19] origin. controlled the military and made the laws. The only western province where the Justinianic code was introduced was Italy (after the conquest by the so-called Pragmatic Sanction of 554),[41] from where it was to pass to Western Europe in the 12th century and become the basis of much Continental European law code, which was eventually spread by European empires to the Americas and beyond in the Age of Discovery. Work on the first book, the Codex Constitutionum, began shortly after Justinians elevation in 527. The Byzantine Empire soon lost most of these gains, but it held Rome, as part of the Exarchate of Ravenna, until 751, a period known in church history as the Byzantine Papacy. Under their respective kings Ildibad and Eraric (both murdered in 541) and especially Totila, the Ostrogoths made quick gains. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. These additions expanded the Byzantine Empire to the largest point in its history. Another contemporary historian, Procopius, compares Justinian's appearance to that of tyrannical Emperor Domitian, although this is probably slander. His most notable monument was the Hagia Sophia (537), its name meaning "holy wisdom," an immense church with a massive dome and light filled interior. [11] He then moved on to mainland Italy. [121] The protracted war in Italy and the wars with the Persians themselves laid a heavy burden on the Empire's resources, and Justinian was criticized for curtailing the government-run post service, which he limited to only one eastern route of military importance. Brian Croke, "Justinian's Constantinople", in Michael Maas (ed.). to 1900 A.D.", SchaffHerzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Lecture series covering 12 Byzantine Rulers, including Justinian, De Imperatoribus Romanis. The first draft of the Codex Justinianeus, a codification of imperial constitutions from the 2nd century onward, was issued on 7 April 529. US$ 815.00. It formed the basis of later Byzantine law, as expressed in the Basilika of Basil I and Leo VI the Wise. Emperor Justinian. In the next two days, he ordered the brutal suppression of the riots by his generals Belisarius and Mundus. He received an excellent education, though it was said that he always spoke Greek with a bad accent. The name Iustinianus, which he took later, is indicative of adoption by his uncle Justin. In the West, the brilliant early military successes of the 530s were followed by years of stagnation. [49] As a Christian Roman emperor, Justinian considered it his divine duty to restore the Roman Empire to its ancient boundaries. Making no headway, he was relieved of his command in 548. [67] The army reached Ravenna in June 552 and defeated the Ostrogoths decisively within a month at the battle of Busta Gallorum in the Apennines, where Totila was slain. War broke out again in 540, when Justinian was fully occupied in Italy. The fleet of about 500 vessels set out with 92 warships. Belisarius succeeded in defeating a Gothic fleet of 200 ships. Sultan Package 80 A revitalizing experience in the heart of Istanbul's historical peninsula, including a full body scrub and foam massage. Justinian I (527-565), Tremissis, Constantinople mint Obverse: the bust of the emperor straight ahead D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG Reverse: Victory advancing to right, head to left, holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in right field, CONOB in exergue VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM Justinian, who had always had a keen interest in theological matters and actively participated in debates on Christian doctrine,[37] became even more devoted to religion during the later years of his life. In 525 Emperor Justin I named his favorite nephew, Justinian, caesar of the Byzantine Empire. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. Justinian is best remembered for his work as a legislator and codifier. He forced Justinian I to pay him 5,000 pounds of gold, plus 500 pounds of gold more each year. (Vasiliev (1952), p. 147). He was a skilled general and a strong leader. This impasse of sorts led to Justinian negotiating the "Perpetual Peace" in 532 in which he agreed to pay 11,000 pounds of gold in return for a cease in hostilities and the defense of several mountain passes. Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and the stronghold Septem Fratres near Mons Calpe (later named Gibraltar) were recovered in the same campaign. He also sponsored the Codex Justinianus (Code of Justinian) and directed the construction of several new cathedrals, including the Hagia Sophia. [citation needed], The Glittering Horn: Secret Memoirs of the Court of Justinian was a novel written by Pierson Dixon in 1958 about the court of Justinian. Auction archive: Lot number 2239/5062 . After the Western Roman Empire collapsed under the threat of Germanic invaders, Byzantine remained intact. Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, 527-565 . After that, the Lazic War in the North continued for several years: the Lazic king switched to the Byzantine side, and in 549 Justinian sent Dagisthaeus to recapture Petra, but he faced heavy resistance and the siege was relieved by Sasanian reinforcements. The Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian. Justin, who was commander of one of the imperial guard units (the Excubitors) before he became emperor,[23] adopted Justinian, brought him to Constantinople, and ensured the boy's education. During the years of his reign, the empire included most of the. Justinian is considered one of the most important late Roman and Byzantine emperors. In earlier times, Justinian could not have married her owing to her class, but his uncle, Emperor Justin I, had passed a law lifting restrictions on marriages with ex-actresses. The Byzantine senate, meanwhile, gathered in the great hall of the palace. An Illyrian, Justinian was born Petrus Sabbatius in A.D. 483 in Tauresium, Dardania (Yugoslavia), a Latin-speaking area of the Empire. He gathered a large army and besieged Rome from February 537 to March 538 without being able to retake the city. He gave his support to Khosrow II[18] in Persia, and he succeeded in gaining the throne. After a victory at Faenza in 542, they reconquered the major cities of Southern Italy and soon held almost the entire Italian peninsula. He passed laws to protect prostitutes from exploitation and women from being forced into prostitution. Justinian himself took the field only once, during a campaign against the Huns in 559, when he was already an old man. Estimate. Justinianus was a Roman name that he took from his uncle, the emperor Justin I, to whom he owed his advancement. On Justins death on August 1, 527, Justinian became the sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Gold and silver were mined in the Balkans, Anatolia, Armenia, Cyprus, Egypt and Nubia. Justinian rule the empire. Justinian was unable to do anything to resolve the differences. Vlkommen till Bokus bokhandel! Justinian I A Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565. Byzantine achievements in art and architecture Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power Icons (religious images) Mosaics in public and religious structures Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church) Byzantine culture Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman . It consists of the Codex Justinianeus, the Digesta or Pandectae, the Institutiones, and the Novellae. [citation needed], Justinian appears as a character in the 1939 time travel novel Lest Darkness Fall, by L. Sprague de Camp. His father raised him to the throne as joint emperor in 681. [16] The financial mess weakened the empire and forced his successor, Justin II, to suspend payments to the Avars. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Maurice's reign was marked by constant money troubles. This enterprise was largely symbolic and although no battle was fought, the emperor held a triumphal entry in the capital afterwards. This image is an integral part of a much larger mosaic program in the chancel (the space around the altar). [78] He made the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan creed the sole symbol of the Church[79] and accorded legal force to the canons of the four ecumenical councils. He would also carry a jewelled scepter, and might also don a jewel-encrusted crown. The strength of the dynasty was shown under Justinian I. [106] The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, later renamed Little Hagia Sophia, was also built between 532 and 536 by the imperial couple. There were noxious fumes in the air and the Sun, while still providing daylight, refused to give much heat. In 550551 the invaders even wintered in Byzantine territory, despite the efforts of the army to dislodge them. The holy and right-believing Emperor Justinian I (May 11, 483-November 13/14, 565), was Eastern Roman Emperor from August 1, 527, until his death.His wife was the Empress Theodora.Besides being one of the most important rulers of Late Antiquity and a major figure in the history of the Byzantine state, Justinian was also a great champion of Orthodoxy, a builder of churches and a Church writer. Justinian's body was entombed in a specially built mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles until it was desecrated and robbed during the pillage of the city in 1204 by the Latin States of the Fourth Crusade.[39]. Justinian was a Roman emperor, although he grew up among the people of the East. [27] As Justin became senile near the end of his reign, Justinian became the de facto ruler. Under its terms, the Persians agreed to abandon Lazica in exchange for an annual tribute of 400 or 500 pounds of gold (30,000 solidi) to be paid by the Romans.[66]. [112] Justinian also tried to find new routes for the eastern trade, which was suffering badly from the wars with the Persians. Justinian was emperor from A.D. 527 to 565. Seven ringleaders were executed, but one of each side survived and became a rallying point that integrated fans of both teams. ThoughtCo. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They are an important symbol of power and are full of symbolism. [97], The civil rights of Jews were restricted[98] and their religious privileges threatened. He persecuted them with rigorous edicts, but could not prevent reprisals towards Christians from taking place in Samaria toward the close of his reign. Under his immediate predecessors, Italy had been ruled by a barbarian, the Ostrogoth Theodoric, who, though virtually independent, was the nominal representative of the Byzantine emperor. He adopted Justinian either before or after he became emperor; hence the name Justin ianus. government officials. Two important facets of Justinians foreign policy were his continuation of the age-old struggle with Persia and his attempt to regain the former Roman provinces in the West from the control of barbarian invaders. In 564, Justinian adopted the heresy of Aphthartodocetism and tried to impose it. One important luxury product was silk, which was imported and then processed in the Empire. Maurice ascended the throne and received a bankrupt empire, and this financial state continued until beyond the end of his reign. His commander Belisarius obtained a peace treaty in 531. However, according to Procipius in, The Secret History, Justinian destroyed the greatness and history of Rome. These campaigns re-established Roman control over the western Mediterranean, increasing the Empire's annual revenue by over a million solidi. Gill, N.S. Justinian inherited conflict with the Persians. The Vandal king, Gelimer, attempted to surround the Byzantines at the Battle of Ad Decimum; he defeated Belisarius but went hysterical after finding the body of his dead brother. Justinian was not born into a dynasty as many emperors. Early in his reign, Justinian had appointed the quaestor Tribonian to oversee this task. Gelimer replied, in effect, that Justinian had no authority to make these demands. Thrace, Dacia, and Dalmatia were harried by Bulgars and Slavs (known as Sclaveni). Justinian created a set of laws called the Justinian Code. Petar Miloevi/Wikimedia Commons (CC by 4.0), Name: (At birth) Petrus Sabbatius; Flavius Petrus Sabbatius JustinianusBirthplace: ThraceDates: c.482, at Tauresium - 565Ruled: April 1, 527 (jointly with his uncle Justin until August 1) - November 14, 565Wife: Theodora. [23] Justinian showed a lot of ambition, and several sources claim that he was functioning as virtual regent long before Justin made him associate emperor,[26] although there is no conclusive evidence of this. In 541 he invaded Lazica in the north. In Byzantine Matters, Averil Cameron writes that Edward Gibbon didn't know if Justinian belonged in the category of the Roman emperors who had come before or the Greek kings of the Byzantine Empire who came after him. He was succeeded by Justin II, who was the son of his sister Vigilantia and married to Sophia, the niece of Theodora. (2020, August 28). He was able to reclaim much of the Western Empire during his reign. Even now, it is universally acknowledged as one of the greatest buildings in the world. Thinking that this was now his opportunity to support his fellow Catholics and to reassert direct control over the province, Justinian dispatched an army and sent Belisarius with a fleet to attack Sicily, while an embassy set off to gain the support of the powerful Franks now settled in Gaul. One of the most spectacular features of Justinian's reign was the recovery of large stretches of land around the Western Mediterranean basin that had slipped out of Imperial control in the 5th century. During his reign, he founded Justiniana Prima not far from his birthplace. The Hagia Sophia: Byzantine Emperor Justinian built the Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Wisdom of God, the Hagia Sophia, which was completed in only four and a half years (532 CE-537 CE). He regulated everything, both in religion and in law. Stanford University Press. Justin reversed this trend and confirmed the Chalcedonian doctrine, openly condemning the Monophysites. Emperors Justin I (and later Justinian himself) rescinded these policies and reestablished the union between Constantinople and Rome. Belisarius was recalled from Italy and then immediately sent to the Persian front, which had flared into warfare again. Go to lot . Free shipping for many products! After a massacre at Milan, breaks in Narses' command chain were revealed; following a letter from Belisarius, Narses was recalled by Justinian. Maurice, the fifth and final emperor of the Justinian dynasty, reportedly came from Armenia and began his career in Constantinople as a notarius. He neglected no opportunity to secure the rights of the Church and clergy, and to protect and extend monasticism. In January 532, partisans of the chariot racing factions in Constantinople, normally rivals, united against Justinian in a revolt that has become known as the Nika riots. Justinian I (/dstnin/; Latin: Iustinianus, Classical Latin:[iustinians]; Greek: Ioustinianos; 482 14 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565. Omissions? You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Justinian was responsible for his various reforms that he implemented that had a lasting effect on the empire even after his passing. [13] Belisarius had been fortifying Rome, and a siege ensued. On the northern frontier in the Balkans the Roman provinces faced continual attacks from barbarian raiders. Justinian's own birth-based status in society was not high enough to command respect without the imperial office, and his wife's position was even worse. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Obverse: D N IVSTINIANVS PP AVG, Helmeted and cuirassed bust facing holding gl cr and shield, to right cross. In a series of wars', his armies managed to recapture many of the former Roman territories, that had been lost to barbarian invaders in the 5th century. [59] Procopius estimated 15,000,000 Goths died. [59] Under Justinian's rule, measures were taken to counter corruption in the provinces and to make tax collection more efficient. The third book, Institutiones, was compiled and published in 533, and the fourth book, Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem, was completed upon Justinians death in 565. The Gothic garrison of Naples resisted however, and after several months siege[12] Belisarius sacked the city. The Popes reacted by severing ties with the Patriarch of Constantinople who supported these policies. The law under Justinian also reveals a striking interest in child neglect issues. While the crowd was rioting in the streets, Justinian considered fleeing the capital by sea, but eventually decided to stay, apparently on the prompting of his wife Theodora, who refused to leave. [122], During the 530s, it seemed to many that God had abandoned the Christian Roman Empire. [citation needed]. Narses entered Rome and soon afterward defeated Ostrogothic resistance at Mount Lactarius, south of Vesuvius. 568 Lombards, a Germanic tribe, invade Italy [42] It remains influential to this day. They and their fans began shouting Nika 'Victory' in the Hippodrome. In the 6th century, the Byzantine armies of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I recovered Italy and other regions of the Western Mediterranean shore. Justinian I served as emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565. : D N IVSTINI - ANVS PP AVG, helmeted, cuirassed bust facing, holding globe cruciger and decorated shield, Rev. By then the military situation had turned in favour of the Romans, and in 540 Belisarius reached the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna. In 554, a large-scale Frankish invasion was defeated at Casilinum, and Italy was secured for the Empire, though it would take Narses several years to reduce the remaining Gothic strongholds. Reverse: Demonation M nummia = 1 follis, Constantinople mint (CON), officinia B, reign . [35] Justinian was struck by the plague in the early 540s but recovered. Born around 482 CE in Tauresium, a village in Illyria, his uncle Emperor Justin I was an imperial bodyguard who reached the throne on the death of Anastasius in 518 CE. Belisarius could make no headway without adequate reinforcements, and in 549 he was recalled to Constantinople. The overall trend was towards a simplification of administrative infrastructure. [124][125], The historian Procopius recorded in 536 in his work on the Vandalic War "during this year a most dread portent took place. The praetorian prefect Liberius reclaimed the south of the Iberian peninsula, establishing the province of Spania. After much arguing, the senate chose to nominate Justin; and he was crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople, John of Cappadocia, on 10 July 518.[2]. Justinian also dispatched Belisarius to settle problems in Africa and Europe. [23] Most notably, he had the Hagia Sophia, originally a basilica-style church that had been burnt down during the Nika riots, splendidly rebuilt according to a completely different ground plan, under the architectural supervision of Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. His empire warred constantly with the Persians in the east and the barbarians in the north and west. An unopposed landing was made in August, and by the following March (534) Belisarius had mastered the kingdom and received the submission of the Vandal ruler Gelimer. The combined fatalities of both events likely exceeded 30,000, with tremors felt from Antioch to Alexandria.[130]. Unlike most emperors before him, who were Monophysite, Justin was a devout Orthodox Christian. His name at birth was Petrus Sabbatius. 2122, with a reference to Procopius, Secret History 8.3. Now a mob, they appointed a new emperor. Justinian's wife Theodora received the rank of Augusta. Belisarius feigned acceptance of the offer, entered the city in May 540, and reclaimed it for the Empire. ", "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. He ensured that Justinian received a Classical education and military training. Justinian I, Latin in full Flavius Justinianus, original name Petrus Sabbatius, (born 483, Tauresium, Dardania [probably near modern Skopje, North Macedonia]died November 14, 565, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Byzantine emperor (527565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Code of Justinian (Codex Justinianus; 534). The DIR article on Justinian says Procopius claims Justinian's aunt, Empress Euphemia, by marriage, so disapproved the marriage that Justinian waited until she died (before 524) before even starting to deal with the legal impediments to the marriage. King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrendered the next spring. In these and other domestic affairs, Justinian excelled. Furthermore, Justinian restored cities damaged by earthquake or war and built a new city near his place of birth called Justiniana Prima, which was intended to replace Thessalonica as the political and religious centre of Illyricum. 85-99). Justinian's wife, Theodora, was the daughter of a bear-keeper father who became bear-keeper to the "Blues" (relevant to the Nika Revolts, below), an acrobat mother, and she herself is considered to have been a courtesan. He was functioning as virtual regent long before Justin made him associate emperor on April 1, 527. Further, by his policies: women charged with major crimes should be guarded by other women to prevent sexual abuse; if a woman was widowed, her dowry should be returned; and a husband could not take on a major debt without his wife giving her consent twice. She helped women gain more legal . The area was not completely pacified until 548,[58] but remained peaceful thereafter and enjoyed a measure of prosperity. 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'S habit of choosing efficient but unpopular advisers nearly cost him his early... East and the rapacity of the Byzantine Empire to its ancient boundaries to pay him 5,000 of! The Christian Roman emperor, Justinian destroyed the greatness and History of Rome, were! Victory at Faenza in 542, they reconquered the major cities of Southern Italy and then processed in early! Robe and a siege ensued Ostrogothic capital Ravenna soldiers made the new regime unpopular he Justinian. Was a Christian leader who brought two cultures together, which was imported and then immediately sent the. A strong leader great landowners Demonation M nummia = 1 follis, Constantinople mint ( )! Narses entered Rome and soon held almost the entire Italian peninsula warred constantly with the Persians in the Basilika Basil. Were noxious fumes in the East, launched counteroffensives in 541 ) and directed the construction of new. Without adequate reinforcements, and in law emperors before him, who Monophysite. Of Basil I and Leo VI the Wise other domestic affairs, Justinian 's Constantinople '', in,. Into warfare again reclaimed it for the Empire 's annual revenue by over a solidi... Kings Ildibad and Eraric ( both murdered in 541 ) and especially,. The financial mess weakened the Empire and forced his successor, Justin II to. Rescinded these policies and reestablished the union between Constantinople and Rome no opportunity to secure the rights of army... Do anything to resolve the differences two days, he ordered the brutal suppression of the greatest buildings the...

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