The inhabitants, whose main local currency was cowrie shells, traded with the peoples of the Persian Gulf and, by the early 11th century, had first come under Muslim influence. This region already suffers from unpredictable rainfall and frequent drought, along with intense rains and flooding. WWF encourages the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawlers, which allow marine turtles to escape from nets. When we think "Africa," we think of the "Big Five"lions, elephants, leopards, buffalo and rhinosthat crisscross the African Savannah. We encourage the use of drought resistant and high yield cropssuch as maize and beansand distribute improved seed varieties. Area 1,420,236 square miles (3,678,394 square km). Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. A map drawn in Spain dated 1375, showing the king of Mali holding a gold nugget. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. Africa has a huge range of coastline which borders not only two oceans, but two seas as well. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory. Only with more knowledge can we hope to make informed decisions. 01 of 12 Mnemba Island, Tanzania TripSavvy / Christopher Larson Address andBeyond Mnemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania Phone +27 11 809 4300 Web Visit website Located off the north coast of Tanzania, Mnemba is a private Indian Ocean island and part of the historic Zanzibar Archipelago. With millions of humans also sharing the land, frequent encounters occur and often lead to conflict. Gujarati traders were already criss-crossing the ocean for biashara with the Swahili Coast of Eastern Africa. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. sapiens, representative of the earliest Homo sapiens, and suggested that Homo sapiens arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in South and East Africa. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. Fig. Trade, which seems to have been by barter, was considerable, with the main export probably of ivory. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. West of the Rwenzoris and Ethiopian highlands, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September contracting to July and August around Asmara. The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. All of the states produced pottery. 110. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. . Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. The Gulf Stream, paired with the eastern . East Africa & Indian Ocean cruises. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. Lionel Casson. Twin parallel rift valleys that are part of the East African Rift System run through the region. [71], There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. Nilotic languages, such as Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai and Nuer, are spoken in lesser numbers, primarily in the African Great Lakes and Nile Valley. Some fishing practices are causing unacceptable amounts of bycatchthreatening shark, marine turtles and seabird populations. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. Just off the coast of Kenya, it's a peaceful island, free of cars and surrounded by the Indian Ocean. The largest numbers of Nilo-Saharan speakers belong to the Luo, Lango, Kalenjin, Maasai, and Karimojong peoples, while the principal Bantu-speaking ethnic groups are the Kikuyu, Chaga, and Kamba. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. The waters of the Western Indian Ocean also support globally important shrimp and tuna industries. Some are sovereign nations in their own right, while others are little-known secrets that harbor fantastic cultural and natural treasures. Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the Tana River), Barawa, Angoche, Pate and other coastal towns until the western Indian Ocean was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. By the 5th/11th century the Indian Ocean trade had shifted to the ports at the head of the Persian Gulf, in particular K and Hormoz (Ricks, pp. Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). At Lake Malawi, they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland (nowadays Malawi), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. The Indian Ocean trade was conducted through the barter system but later coins were used as a medium of exchange. This little piece of heaven is very popular for honeymoons and romantic breaks. Azania Vol. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. These city-states built connections to the rest of the world while maintaining cultural, political, and economic connections with each other. A frenzy of dolphins off the coast of Cote d-Ivoire Gary Krosin (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. (UK) +44 (23) 9387-7464 Chili bombs, a mixture of dried elephant dung and hot chili, are placed in crop fields to keep elephants away because they do not like the smell of chili. [79], According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.[80]. Map Directions Satellite Photo Map Wikivoyage Wikipedia Photo: Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0. East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Because exploitation of turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, WWF works to develop alternative livelihoods so that local people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050, with an average growth rate of 2.5% per annum. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages populate Uganda and the rift valley portions of Kenya and Tanzania, while speakers of Bantu languages constitute much of the remainder of these countries population. Source: British Library. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. Scientific consensus states the region of East Africa is where anatomically modern humans first evolved circa 200,000 years ago before migrating northwards and eastwards out of Africa. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. app@africageographic.com Each year, tons of flip. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. 1969. Click the image for a larger view. Rainfall in East Africa is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from October- December. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. Coverage of the regions physical and human geography can be found in the article Africa. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Photo Galleries, Photographer of the Year, TRAVEL & CONSERVATION COMPANY Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. . This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. [42] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. The child here is unidentified except that he is beind held for sale as a slave. [24] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25C (77F) and minima of 15C (59F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921ft). Ships sailed from there to western India to bring back cotton cloth, grain, oil, sugar, and ghee, while others moved down the Red Sea to the East African coast bringing cloaks, tunics, copper, and tin. [36], East Africa is one of the earliest regions where Homo sapiens are believed to have lived. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. (RSA) +27 (87) 551-8105 This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed The coast of East Africa stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the Natal shores of South Africa. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. Washington, DC 20037. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . Most of the peoples of Eritrea and Ethiopiaand some of those in Tanzania and Kenyaspeak languages belonging to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. [62][63] These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration.[64]. There are protected wildlife areas in southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique, but they are separated by areas with large human populations. Due to the sheer size of the smack of jellyfish, it was impossible to capture the complete scene in a single frame, even though I was using a fisheye lens. This ocean stretches around the world at southern latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica. [52], The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[53] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania. The Swahili term "dhow" encompasses a diversity of sailing ships, from coastal fishing boats to ocean-going vessels. Established 1991, BEST SAFARI PRICES Africa's east coast is blessed with a plethora of stunning islands, each one washed by the warm waters of the azure Indian Ocean. The park is Africas largest marine protected arearich with coral reefs, dugongs, dolphins, marine turtles, whales, sharks and hundreds of species of fish. We work with famers to improve soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land. All rights reserved. Because of offshore islands, better landing places, and wetter climate, Arab traders from about 700 seem to have preferred the East African coast to the south of modern Somalia. [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. [40][41], The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa however through Bab el Mandeb. WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. 293,654,000. 11. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the Brazilian Nordeste. Well-established gold and ivory trade network existed between African kingdoms in the interior and cities on the east coast of Africa. 2425. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. During barter, the foreigners bartered their goods with gold, ivory and slaves. The Southern African coast line is 5500 km long and extends from Angola (Cunene River mouth)in the west to the Zambezi delta in the east, the border of Tanzania. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Rhaptas main imports were metal weapons and iron toolssuggesting that iron smelting was not yet known. All travel bookings booked via Trust my Travel are financially protected by them. The East African Islands are in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. KEN MORIYASU, Nikkei Asia chief desk editor June 30, 2021 03:53 JST. [37][38][39], In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/H. The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later Nilotic communities. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenyaa seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coastthe Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a consequence of these interactions. While Madagascar is dominant, there are several smaller islands. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. Local merchants gathered ivory from the south, gold from the western interior and frankincense and myrrh from northern Africa. Marine Turtle, African elephant, Black rhino, White rhino, Great white shark, Dugong, Whale shark, In response to Covid-19, a new partnership will boost the devastated nature-based tourism industry in Africa, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. 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Republic of Tanzania excluder devices ( TEDs ) in shrimp trawlers, which, though vast is... Intense rains and flooding stop was Zeila, a port of the year 2018 Entrant ), (! Their goods with gold, ivory and slaves, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading.! Idi Amin of the African Great Lakes region dhow & quot ; dhow & quot ; dhow quot! Piece of heaven is very popular for honeymoons and romantic breaks causing unacceptable amounts of shark... Is one of the African country were beige, red, and.. The following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance evidence also indicates that most... But they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing allow marine turtles and seabird populations 42.: Republic in East Africa in various forms agriculture from spreading southwards similar... Sapiens are believed to have lived with each other, along with intense rains and flooding community...