It's was the best answer at the time for white Americans. Camp meetings were so called because, on the sparsely populated frontier, many attendees had to travel long distances to the meeting and camp out at the location. Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. Others sought to build and improve public and state institutions such as prisons, asylums, and schools. For the most part, colonizationists accepted the idea of black inferiority. Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. In numerous ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. Chief among these physicians was Dr. Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania. Although Vesey's plans failed, southerners became terrified of losing control over slaves. (1) The only transaction affecting common or preferred shares during 2013 was the sale of treasury stock. Three hundred delegates, both men and women, attended the meeting. In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. Today, the influence of the Restoration Movement is seen in the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ churches. KEY TERMS: 1. These communities differed greatly in structure and motivation. - common school and institutions were open to all children (free training for individuals). For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. To understand it fully, however, one must consider its origins. They formed abolition groups together to voice their opinions and fought in arguments over women's suffrage. In asylums they receive temporary care and attention. \textbf{Property, Plant, and Equipment}\\ Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. The region of western and central New York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform. The Latter Day Saint Movement (of which the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints, popularly called the Mormons, is the most important branch) also was born in the Burned-Over District during the era of the Second Great Awakening. The evangelical message that ones birth, education, wealth, and social status did not matter in the eyes of God held great appeal for the masses of the frontier. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. Preferred Pace of Life The supporters and opponents of temperance understood the meaning of freedom differently because they believed that banning of alcoholic beverages would eliminate a number of problems in the U.S. Also, the opportunity to increase to compete for economic gain and individual self-improvement. For the most part, the African American community did not see colonization or repatriation as a viable alternative to emancipation and abolition. The market revolution had changed American society in many ways. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. December 31 The first and foremost of these goals was achieving the right to vote as an inalienable right of full, republican citizenship. (People to know). \quad\text{Average Shares Outstanding)} &&\$ 2.68\\ The movement experienced what became to be known as the Great Disappointment when the morning of October 23 arrived rather than Jesus. These preachers travelled to the most remote areas, such as the Appalachian region, preaching to individuals, families, and communities. Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. It declared that all men and women are created equal, and went on to list the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women, including that He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice, and He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. The Declaration of Sentiments formed the basis of the goals of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the century. Slavery was the cornerstone of the southern economy. There are two main strands of literature on the antislavery origins of the sectional crisis. On the frontier, an offshoot of the Second Great Awakening sought to restore the Christian Church into one unified body patterned after the original, primitive, or fundamental, form of Christianity described in the New Testament. 30.4130.4130.41 \quad\text{Rosenwald Company}&125,000\\ One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.03%253A_American_Antebellum_Reform, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Abolitionism and the Womens Rights Movements, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings in northern cities. Camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United States. The American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era of reform. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? The antebellum reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Women formed a large part of the membership of the Society and the movement, and they were seen by many as the American voice of morality. Learn about temperance and abolition and . Pace of Life Preference by Gender. Angelina later married Theodore Dwight Weld, a prominent abolitionist preacher. An important example of the abolitionist voice in the South came from sisters from Charleston, South Carolina who had migrated north and become Quakers because of their abolitionism. A woman could not have a personal bank account (In England until the 1960s, a woman could only have a joint bank account with her husband. Consolidated Statement of Income and The most successful denominations of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodist and Baptist churches. The difference were common school and institution was open to all children and were getting educated, a free training for individuals. Merchants with commercial ties to the South. In her letter, she explained how her activity in the abolitionist movement had opened her eyes to the oppression of women in the United States. \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ The Church of Later-Day Saints proved to be a lasting and successful alternative vision to the Second Great Awakening of antebellum America. Throughout the country, preachers like Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney created such excitement with their sermons that their audiences became excessive and downright wild. All true Christians, according to Finney, should aim at being holy and not rest satisfied till they are as perfect as God. The religious music and hymns written during the era also helped draw crowds to the revivals; they appealed the common individual by using familiar melodies from popular music and featured folk instruments that many could play, such as the fiddle. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. In the early decades of the century, several groups emerged as colonizationists. These groups sought to remove blacks from the United States either through emigration or through the creation of colonies in Africa. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ \text{Interest Expense} &&455,000\\ In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ In the early nineteenth century, a succession of religious revivals collectively known as the Second Great Awakening remade the nation's religious landscape. The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. A lot of the slaves that was born in the America have never even been to Africa. Women joined and actively participated in abolitionist organizations such as the Anti-Slavery Society; they sponsored events such as the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. \text{Additional Paid-In Capital}& 3,000,000 &2,400,000\\ Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. In 1816, proponents of colonization of freed slaves founded this society, which promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. Early nineteenth-century America was a time of reform. When women joined in the abolition movement arguments, they began to realize and become concerned over their own rights. Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ For most, this meant a few months of schooling a year in a one-room rural schoolhouse. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. e. 111.78111.78111.78. The early nineteenth century was a time of great reform in the United States. The abolitionist emblem - a portrait of a slave in chains coupled with the motto "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" \end{array} Like many religious movements of the day, Mormons believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus. In the first issue of the Liberator, he made a public apology for ever advocating a gradual end to slavery and called for its immediate end. Rumors spread across the South that the rebellion was not limited to Virginia; more African Americans were killed or arrested in Alabama, Virginia, and in other slaveholding states. These include: 1. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. The Garrisionians wanted Douglass to simply get up and tell his story, to tell his narrative on the platform. Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. Also, become productive, self-disciplined citizens. \text{Depreciation of Plant and Equipment and Amortization}\\ \text{Retained Earnings}& 5,000,000 &2,800,000\\ Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. Give Me Liberty Ch. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Many kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement, and membership in some movements overlapped. The womens rights movement did not attract broad support among women or men during the antebellum era. \quad\text{Total Current Assets}& \$ 2,925,000 &\$ 2,400,000\\ However, abolitionism developed significantly over the 1800s. \text{Other Current Liabilities}& 460,000 &200,000\\ The antebellum period of America was an era of change. Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. \text{Bad Debt Expense} &&120,000\\ In Appalachia and the South, the Second Great Awakening brought a sense of community and provided entertainment in isolated rural and frontier areas. Such music remained after the revival and itinerant preacher were long gone. The result was the creation of penitentiaries, which sought to transform criminals into law abiding citizens through hard work, religious instruction, and isolation from the corruption of social vices. \quad\text{Total}& \$12,000,000 &\$ 9,200,000\\ 2. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Social activists sought to end slavery and establish greater rights for women. - moral suasion through speeches and literature. After the conspiracy was quelled, white Charlestonians accused black congregations of the same offense: falsifying and misinterpreting the Bible. In 1822 , a former slave named Denmark Vesey planned to lead eighty slaves in a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. -The Owenites originated in Britain and that practice made its way to Indiana, which makes it international in scope because it aimed to spread the ideas of this society around the world. The Seneca Falls Convention worked to establish____. \quad\text{Dividends on Common Shares}&& (2,080,000)\\ Many mentally ill individuals eventually ended up imprisoned as well, as no facilities for the treatment of the mentally ill existed. Participation in the temperance movement was much more socially acceptable than participation in the abolition or womens rights movement. \text{Income TaxesDeferred}&& 170,000\\ The emerging American middle class participated in reform not only for religious reasons, but also to confirm their new social status. \textbf{Long-Term Debt}\\ If they openly challenged the institution of slavery, slave owners would not allow their slaves to attend revival meetings or to hear the message. The Second Great Awakening swept through most of the country, but it took differing forms in the North and the South. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. \text{Diluted Earnings per Share (Assuming Conversion of}\\ With this message of spiritual equality, American Christian movements focused on the ordinary people as well as the marginalized of society for the first time. 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