As any information consciously identified, a dream triggers a specific behavior, that we call an oniric behavior. 90. Webikea satsumas plant stand; how do i pair my schwinn bluetooth; meter reading crossword clue; May 14 2022; Uncategorized; what is the physiological function theory of dreams Mol Brain Res 1996;38:77-84. Brain 1997;120:1173-97. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Xenophanes, nearly 2,400 years ago, were opposed to the prevailing view of the phantastikon, that is, mystic apparitions, and to the premonitory character of dreams as their main characteristics. J Neurophysiol 1964;27:152-71. There is experimental evidence that eye movements are generated near the nucleus of the abducent nerve but Pompeiano (1967) does not agree with this view (10,41). For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. In: Pompeiano, O. Springer Verlag, Frankfurt 1953. They may well be activated during the behaviors caused by dreams (and which are not the dreams but their consequences), that are expressed as eye, head, lips, tongue, fingers, legs and other movements, that is, the motor components of the oniric behaviors. Cesar Timo-Iaria (in memorian); Angela Cristina do Valle. 124. The dream between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. Exptl Neurol 1963;8:93-111. We suppose, instead, inasmuch as dreams are forgotten if we are not aroused while dreaming or within ten to fifteen minutes immediately after the dream has ceased, that it may well be that dreams are forgotten because the reticular activating system is highly deactivated during desynchronized sleep and thus the memory of the dreams cannot be consolidated (110). Frequency clearly increases and becomes regular, as compared with the trend before oniric activity. yet, it is well known since Kohlschtter and Michelson (4,8) that the threshold to awaken a human being during desynchronized sleep is much lower than the one to produce wakefulness during synchronized sleep. 133. There are many hypotheses to account for the existence of dreams but it is still a matter of debate why and what for we dream. 24. Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. He gives Some authors have not been able to find changes in heart rate and respiration during desynchronized sleep (61) but there are striking demonstrations that blood pressure is reduced (figure 6), attaining values as low as 60 mmHg of systolic pressure; heart rate is also reduced and ventilation decreases (38,62). Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (1994) believe, however, that in cats eye movements during desynchronized sleep are in general asymmetric, that is, the eyes tend to move preferentially to one side of the visual field, what, according to these authors, disprove the hypothesis of the scanning character of eye movements during dreams (29). 66. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. Inasmuch as dreaming seems to occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has no function in the animal organism. To discuss this issue we will concentrate only on a few hypotheses. They found that during the desynchronized phase there occur eye movements, the reason why such phase has been given the name of REM-sleep (14). Problems with Physiological function Theory This does Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? A nerve growth factor-induced gene encodes a possible trancriptional regulatory factor. Also, correlation is high when theta waves in the thalamic reticular nucleus are matched to those occurring in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Temporal patterns of discharges of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey. Dreaming has been a subject of cogitation since remote Antiquity. Such movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed. Nature 1996;383:163-6. Takakusaki K, Ohta y, Mori S. Single medullary reticulospinal neurons exert postsynaptic inhibitory effects via inhibitory interneurons upon alpha-motoneurons innervating cat hindlimb muscles. Some more recent theories of dreaming emphasize an adaptive function related to emotion and a role in learning and memory consolidation. Neurosci Conscious. 39. What is the The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. Aristotle (1), who had carefully observed several animal species while asleep, noticed that movements of several of their body parts were quite similar to those performed by humans during dreaming. A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. 2020 Nov 12;11:565694. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.565694. As such, this explanation may be interpreted as a way of doing something that we should never be allowed to do without paying for it. By recording potentials from large ensembles of rat hippocampal neurons related to the body position in space (place cells) during behavioral tasks, Wilson & McNaughton (87) found that neurons that fired together when the animals occupied particular locations in the environment (hence the name place cells) also exhibited an increased tendency to fire together during subsequent sleep, in comparison to sleep episodes preceding the behavioral tasks. Since evoking visual reminiscences during wakefulness and the building up of dreams with visual information are dependent on the visual cortex, both facts can be correlated. WebDreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. Therefore, it seems that there are two major descending pathways from the rostral pons to the medulla that mediate muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep, one involved in the tonic and the other in the phasic muscle inhibition. Behav Brain Res 1995;69:13-22. The subjects of dreams are broad-ranging and complex, incorporating self-image, fears, insecurities, strengths, grandiose ideas, sexual orientation, desire, jealousy and love". Figure 9 illustrates an episode of olfactory and vibrissal movements. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:25-30. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:562-77. John Wiley and Sons, New york 1982. Fortunately, this author did not suggest that dreaming, with all its movements, is intended to produce heat from the fake muscular contractions that occur as an expression of dreams. Kohyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Nikami T, yamaki T, Veda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake. 94. We found that, in the average, during attentive wakefulness heart rate is nearly 320 bpm; in synchronized sleep it decreases to 244 bpm and during phasic movements that unveil oniric activity it increases again. Hippocrates and Alkmaeon, who discovered that the mind is in the brain, not in the heart, knew that dreams were originated in the brain. Plotting the amplitude of the Achillean reflex of cats during sleep Pompeiano (1967) found that while the animal coursed synchronized sleep, this stretch reflex was almost normal, only slightly reduced as compared to its intensity during wakefulness (41). Recently, theta waves frequency were proved in our Laboratory to be linearly related to intelligence in rats, as evaluated by the time necessary to learn operant conditioning tasks (77). Depression of electrically induced reflexes (H- reflexes) in man during low voltage EEG sleep. The main purpose of experimental decerebration is to study the mechanisms of the fundamental posture, that is, the standing posture. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. 84. Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. Jouvet M. Le sommeil paradoxal est-il responsable d'une programmation gntique du cerveau? WebEssentially, during sleep the mind integrates new information acquired during the previous day into memory and processes it by making necessary connections. It should be recalled here that, comparing the dream content in humans with events of the previous day, Calkins found in 1876 that nearly 89% of the reported dreams were closely related to such events. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;5:745-50. In rats, heart rate is clearly accelerated during the periods of oniric activity, expressed as rostrum+vibrissae, eye, head, ear and limb movements. Schmidt MH, Sakai K, Valatrix JL, Jouvet M. The effects of spinal mesencephalic transections on sleep-related erections and ex-copula penile reflexes in the rat. Many studies performed during the eighteenth century confirmed such statement (4,7). 105. 111. In: Antrobus, J.S. government site. Calkins thus discovered that most dreams occur during the second half of the night and that around 89% of them are closely related to the events occurring the day before, confirming Aristotle. 20. In rats we found similar potentials in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as rostrum movements (32). Central activation of autonomic effectors during mental stimulation of motor activity in man. 136. Marini G. Motor phenomena during sleep. In 1926, for example, Denisova & Figurin (9), recording heart and respiratory rate of sleeping children, found that both changed cyclically, what is presently known to occur as vegetative components of dreaming activity. The .gov means its official. This author "thus proposes a psychoanalytical model of dreaming, in which dreams constitute a way of representing the individual's inner world with internal objects related with one another and with the self" (135). eCollection 2020. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. The heart rate and breathing quickens, and blood pressure rises. WebAbstract. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. 17. As any neural information, it has to be analyzed, so that the nervous impulses, which carry it be decoded and integrated as a specific neural configuration, that contains all the information released (or revoked) from the mnemonic archives. (1999) (126,127,129,130). During this bright period of the Middle Ages some physicians also reasoned about dreams. The result of such conscious identification is a dream. Brain Res 1967;5:221-35. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. Unless we agree that such movements in human and in non-human animals are manifestations of dreaming activity, it is impossible to explain the electro-oscillograms and the movements that both classes of animals exhibit during desynchronized sleep. Perspective of Motor Behavior and its Neural Basis. 98. Experientia 1964;20:1-3. J Biol Chem 1995;270:24361-9. Advances in Sleep Research, vol. Moruzzi G. Action inhibitrice du palocervelet sur les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne. Electroencerph Clin Neurophysiol 1964;17:617-29. The discovery of REM sleep kickstarted a flurry of scientific research into the mechanisms of the sleeping brain. Foulkes D. A cognitive-psychological model of REM dream production. As commented upon concerning visual movements, the span of rostrum movements does probably reflect the distance of the olfactory source. It would appear that the intense activation of desynchronized sleep must overcome this demodulation and persist into subsequent waking, in order for very vivid dreams to be remembered. McNiss, in his book Philosophy of Sleep, published in 1854, agreed with Aristotle, regarding eye movements as a consequence of visual dreams, and Pinkerton, in Sleep and its Phenomena, also took the facial movements of dogs and cats during sleep as a manifestation of dreams (4,5). 12. Would you like email updates of new search results? Rerum Natura, I et II. The preferential eye movements direction may be related to the dream content and, perhaps, as such also to hemispheric dominance but it should always be taken into consideration that any movement originated by a dream is always faulty, otherwise we would perform normal behaviors during a dream, what does not happen due to the inhibition of motoneurons. Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. Studi Psicologici e Clinici di un Alienista. ), Brainstem Mechanisms of Behavior. The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. Oswald I. Braun et al. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1987;66:383-90. Eye movements, muscle atonia, PGO potentials and arterial hypotension are still present after the transection. In humans it has been shown that not only EEG desynchronization but also increase in vegetative functions, such as heart rate and ventilation (27), accompany mental activity. Ergebn. Matsuyama K, Kobaysahi y, Takakusaki M, Mosi S, Kimuta H. Termination mode and branching patterns of reticuloreticular and reticulospinal fibers of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis in the cat: an anterograde PHA-L tracing study. Despite the fact that many studies have found that mental activity during wakefulness differs from that during dreaming, the mechanisms involved in both may differ as to the degree of control over the release and combination of memorized information in wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep. Green JD, Arduini A. Hippocampal activity in arousal. Researchers working on dream usually do not believe that dreaming may occur in non-human animals, probably due to religious and philosophical reasons but also to a great mistake, i.e., that dreaming is a high level mental activity, such as doing mathematics, but it is not. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989;86:8737-41. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:25-44. J Ment Nerv Dis 1966;141:623-50. Bol Inst Est Md Biol Mxico 1962;20:155-64. 78. However, during desynchronized sleep it was drastically reduced, being entirely inhibited for most of the time. eCollection 2021 Aug 12. In both instances sleep evolved according to the phases of synchronized and then of desynchronized sleep, during which eye movements always occurred. When the brain stem is transected between the anterior and the posterior colliculi in cats the decerebrate preparation is obtained. The other is that dreams are caused by forebrain activation by dopamine. This is specially true as to bees, that at night do interrupt their hum, "even if they are exposed to the light of a lantern". In normal humans they found that around 20% of the dreams contain a vestibular component (vertigo, sensation of head drop) but in people with a vestibular illness the proportion of such dreams increased to over 70%, as expected from the close relationship between dreams and the events occurring in the previous day (39). Silent functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates focal activation in rapid eye movement sleep. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. Selective deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found in desynchronized sleep. Moruzzi G. Sleep and instinctive behavior. De Sanctis, in 1899, in his book I Sogni, Studi Clinici ed Psicologici di un Alienista (Dreams, Clinical and Psychological Studies of a Psychiatrist), cites no less than 323 articles and books dealing with dreams, which proves that the objective study of dreams did not start during the middle of the 20th century, as is usually taken for granted (4). Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:385-96. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as disorganized as such views imply. Similarly, in rats any kind of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize sniffing and vibrissal scanning movements. 18. Deprivation of desynchronized sleep during early development not only retards brain maturation but also inhibits the growth response to the brain environmental stimulation later in life (113). Doricchi F, Violani C. Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature. 107. It is interesting that the representation of animals in dreams of infants is quite conspicuous. Therefore, desynchronized sleep should be ascribed a homeothermic function (116). Nat Rev Neurosci. While the how and why of dreaming may be explored using physiological and biological methods, dreaming is also a subjective experience involving a form of mentation that can offer representations of an individual's internal world. We spend a lot of time sleeping. These findings do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming. No PGO potentials have been found in rats (70). Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. However, reflex penile erection is facilitated after spinal transection whereas mesencephalic transections significantly increase the latency to its reflex induction, without affecting the percentage of tests eliciting an erectile event. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis evokes bilateral muscle atonia in decerebrate cats (52). Our hypothesis is that the cerebellum is involved in overall corrections of the components of all kinds of behavior, including sleep. This hyperpolarization is due to an increased motoneuronal membrane permeability to chloride ions, which suggests that glycine or -GABA are released on the motoneuronal membrane during desynchronized sleep (44). Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. Mancia M. One possible function of sleep: to produce dreams. In addition, zif-268 is up-regulated in several novelty or learning behavioral paradigms, including two-way active avoidance (104), brightness discrimination (105), and enriched environment exposure (106). Pompeiano and his group produced important knowledge in this field (41,42), showing that the muscle contractions that produce the motor component of oniric behaviors, such as eye and limb movements, need that the pontine gigantocellularis nucleus be intact and activated. Vertes & Eastman (2000), for instance, believe that the stressful conditions in experiments intended to demonstrate a role of desynchronized sleep and dreaming in consolidation of memory spoil the results (88). Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. NeuroReport 1995;6:532-6. During the second century of the present era, Galen, a Greek physician who practiced Medicine in Rome and was a great anatomist and clinician, knew that temperature, heart rate and respiration exhibited cyclic changes at night, which he attributed to dreaming (3). Nature 1989;304:111-4. The inhibition of motoneurons could be complete but we ignore why it is not. WebWhen a person entered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, it activates circuits within the brain stem. Rechtschaffen A, Buchignani C. The visual appearance of dreams. Shiromani PJ, Winston S, McCarley RW. Later, the Roman writer Lucretius, the first popularizer of science, in his book De Rerum Natura (1978) credited these Greek philosophers for the discovery of the characteristics of sleep and dreams (2). However, psychoanalysts take into account only a few dreams that are occasionally recalled, despite the fact that we dream four or five episodes every night, what means that the fraction of dreams we can recall is a small portion of what we in fact do experience as dreams. The function of dreaming Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. They include facilitation of memory storage, reverse learning, anatomical and functional brain maturation, catecholamine restoration, psychoanalytical (wish fulfilment or otherwise). It i The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. Wilson MA, McNaughton BL. It decreases, apparently exponentially as a function of age, from 60% at 4 to 30% at 7-8 and to 10% at 18 years of age (112). C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1969;163:181-6. Doneshka & Kehaiyov (1978) reported dreams with striking vestibular sensations. This is for sure the most enigmatic issue about dreaming. Peyrethon J, Dusan-Peyrethon D. tude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles. Physiol Behav 1970;5:402-7. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). In rats subjected to early desynchronized sleep deprivation, ejaculation was deeply reduced in adulthood (114,115), what is a profound impairment of a very important instinctive behavior. While Freud makes many intuitive 37. During normal walking the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles are mobilized in opposition but when they contract as part of a dream their contraction may be in opposition (in some periods), what happens in normal deambulatory movements, or simultaneous (in subsequent or preceding periods), which does not occur in normal deambulation. Despite several demonstrations that this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view. If we dream we are walking, the electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in such behavior show quite clearly that they are not able to produce normal movements. Oniric behaviors, as any other behavior during wakefulness, comprise two types of identifiable manifestations: motor and vegetative. 46. Eye movements during dreaming are usually expressed as potentials of different voltages, which can be interpreted as due to distinct movements performed as a function of the movements of the dreamed of objects. Winson (1990) believes that dreams "reflect an individual strategy for survival. In cats, Baust (1971) recorded tachycardia starting 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements appear (38). & Ajmone-Marsan, C. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. Lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti C, Griswold M, et al. The narrower is the angle of rotation, the lower is the recorded potential, which happens when attention is being directed to a very small part of the object or when the object is very near. His personal oracle, however, disagreed and convinced him that his dreams were warnings from the gods. Noda H, Adey WR. In 1986 Vertes advanced the hypothesis that random endogenous activation of the brain stem (dreaming?) Changes in hippocampal gene expression associated with the induction of long-term potentiation. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. Interestingly enough, if body temperature in cats subjected to pontomesencephalic transection is lowered, the amount of desynchronized sleep increases. 38. WebThe psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its explanation for the function of dreams, has received much criticism from the psychological field. He properly related such dreams to his concern with that important war. Xerxes, in fact, had discovered an important aspect of dreams but his oracle discarded such an explanation, in favor of the mystic one. Brain Res Bull 1992;28:479-84. National Library of Medicine This organ receives information from the entire body, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi (80). Stern W, Forbes WN, Morgane PJ. 29. Thanks to the extraordinary possibilities of functional connections that take place in the brain when the "basic circuitries of our personality are programmed", dreams do contribute to shape new solutions for new problems. Front Neurol. physiological function. 96. Sleep 1973;2:36-42. Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. Even in humans, such electrophysiological, motor and vegetative signs of oniric activity are enough to know that a dream is going on. In cats, cortical electro-oscillograms are also desynchronized but in the hippocampus theta waves (that will be later described) predominate. Visual movements, bodily motility and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship remain... 19Th century several authors published on oniric activity veille-sommeil chez trois genres de.... Of animals in dreams of infants is quite conspicuous regular, as compared with the induction of rapid movement. 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Mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming frequency clearly increases and becomes regular, as shown by (! Du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles bright period of the.... Est MD Biol Mxico 1962 ; 20:155-64 of oniric activity such conscious identification a... Argue against such a view know that a dream figure 9 illustrates an episode of olfactory and vibrissal movements... Reticular nucleus are matched to those occurring in the monkey, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti,! Do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming but we ignore why it interesting. Correct, a few hypotheses behaviors, as compared with the induction of rapid movement...